- 1. What is Obesity?
- 2. What are the Symptoms of Obesity?
- 3. What is Obesity Calculation?
- 4. What are the Causes of Obesity?
- 5. What are the Diseases Caused by Obesity?
- 6. How to Recognize an Obese Baby?
- 7. What are the Symptoms of Obesity in Children?
- 8. Who Can Undergo Weight Loss Surgery?
- 9. Types of Obesity Surgery
- 10. What is Super Obese?
- 11. Super Obese Surgery
- 12. Treatment of Morbid Obesity
- 13. What Are the Risks of Bariatric Surgery?
- 14. What is Gastric Balloon Application?
- 15. Frequently Asked Questions
Heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and some types of cancer are the major health problems associated with obesity.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN
What is Obesity?
Obesity is a health condition that arises from the excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Increasingly becoming a global public health issue, obesity is a major factor in the development of many chronic diseases. Obesity is defined according to the body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated by the ratio of a person's weight to their height, and individuals with a value over 30 are considered obese. This calculation is a method widely used by health professionals to diagnose obesity. However, factors such as fat distribution and muscle density should also be considered.
The causes of obesity are usually complex and stem from both genetic and environmental factors. Excessive calorie intake and insufficient physical activity are among the leading causes of obesity. Modern lifestyles, especially the consumption of fast and processed foods and a sedentary way of life, play a significant role in increasing obesity rates. Additionally, hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, and the use of certain medications can also lead to obesity.
Obesity is not only an aesthetic issue but also a condition that leads to serious health problems. Heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and some types of cancer are the major health problems associated with obesity. These diseases can significantly reduce quality of life and lead to early death. Obesity can also lead to psychological issues. Problems such as depression, anxiety, and lack of self-confidence are commonly seen in obese individuals. These psychological effects of obesity can negatively impact individuals' lives and cause them to become socially isolated.
What are the Symptoms of Obesity?
Obesity is a health problem characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in the body and can manifest itself through various symptoms. The symptoms of obesity generally include many physical, psychological, and health-related signs. These symptoms can affect a person’s daily life and lead to serious health problems in the long term. Among the most common symptoms of obesity is excessive weight gain. A body mass index (BMI) over 30 is a key indicator of obesity. Additionally, the distribution of fat in the body is also considered an important sign of obesity. Excess fat tissue accumulating around the waist, particularly resulting in weight gain in the abdominal area, is a notable symptom.
Physical symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly during exercise or daily activities, where a person may feel strained. Obese individuals tend to get tired quickly during physical activity, which limits their mobility. Excessive sweating is also a common symptom, as the body struggles to regulate temperature while managing excess fat. Additionally, joint pain, especially in the knees and back, may occur. This is due to the pressure exerted on the joints by the excess weight carried by the body. Over time, joint pain can lead to degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
Obesity can also lead to sleep disorders such as sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing temporarily stops during sleep and is more common in obese individuals. This makes it difficult to get quality sleep and can result in a constant feeling of fatigue. Obesity can also lead to skin problems. Overweight individuals are more prone to skin irritation, fungal infections, and rashes due to sweating. Such skin problems are particularly common in areas where skin folds exist.
In addition to its physical symptoms, obesity can also manifest through psychological symptoms. Confidence issues related to weight gain and appearance are commonly observed in obese individuals. Psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation are also among the symptoms of obesity. Feeling uncomfortable in social settings due to weight can lead to withdrawal from social life and negatively affect one's psychological well-being.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN emphasizes that understanding the symptoms of obesity correctly plays an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In the fight against obesity, it is crucial to seek professional medical assistance when the symptoms are noticed.
What is Obesity Calculation?
Obesity is typically calculated using the body mass index (BMI). BMI is a value obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of their height. This method of calculation is used to determine the degree of obesity and assess whether a person is at a healthy weight. BMI is usually calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. The formula is as follows:
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m)²
The BMI value is considered an important measure in determining whether a person is obese. Below is a classification according to BMI ranges:
- Below 18.5: Underweight
- 18.5 - 24.9: Normal weight
- 25 - 29.9: Overweight
- 30 - 34.9: Class 1 obesity (Mild obesity)
- 35 - 39.9: Class 2 obesity (Moderate obesity)
- 40 and above: Class 3 obesity (Morbid obesity)
Obesity calculation is not limited to BMI alone. Although BMI is a general assessment tool, factors such as body fat distribution and muscle density should also be considered. For example, a muscular individual may have a high BMI, but this does not necessarily mean that the person is obese. Therefore, other evaluation methods such as waist circumference measurement are also important in diagnosing obesity. Especially waist circumference indicates whether fat has accumulated in the abdominal area, and fat in this area increases the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN recommends measuring body fat percentage in addition to BMI for calculating and assessing obesity. This provides a more accurate assessment and helps determine the health risks of the individual.
The most common method used for calculating obesity is BMI. However, a more comprehensive evaluation should be made by considering factors such as body fat percentage and fat distribution. Accurate measurement and assessment in diagnosing obesity play a critical role in creating a treatment plan.
What are the Causes of Obesity?
Obesity is a complex health problem caused by the combination of many different factors. The causes of obesity are generally related to lifestyle, genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and certain medical conditions. The interaction of these factors can lead to an imbalance between a person's energy intake and expenditure, resulting in excessive fat accumulation.
The most common cause of obesity is long-term energy imbalance. If a person consumes more calories than they burn daily, the body stores this excess energy as fat, leading to weight gain over time. The consumption of high-calorie, processed, and sugary foods especially increases the risk of obesity. Energy-dense foods like fast food, packaged snacks, and sugary drinks contribute to the rise in obesity rates.
Lack of physical activity is also one of the main causes of obesity. Modern lifestyles, desk jobs, increased time spent with technological devices, and sedentary living reduce daily energy expenditure. People who do not exercise struggle to burn the calories they consume, leading to weight gain. Insufficient daily physical activity slows down the body’s metabolism, increasing the risk of obesity.
Genetic factors also play an important role in the development of obesity. Some people may be more prone to gaining weight due to their genetic makeup. Individuals with a family history of obesity may be genetically predisposed to this condition. Genetic factors can influence a person's metabolism rate, appetite, and tendency to store fat. However, genetic predisposition is not the sole cause of obesity and interacts with environmental factors.
Hormonal imbalances can also lead to obesity. For example, conditions such as hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland does not function adequately, can slow down metabolism and cause weight gain. Additionally, metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance and leptin hormone disorders can contribute to the development of obesity. Leptin, a hormone that controls appetite, may malfunction in people with leptin resistance, leading to overeating as they do not fully perceive the feeling of fullness.
Psychological factors are also among the causes of obesity. Emotional states such as stress, depression, and anxiety can trigger overeating habits. This condition, known as “emotional eating,” causes individuals to eat excessively to fill emotional voids or find comfort. During stressful periods, turning to unhealthy and high-calorie foods can lead to long-term weight gain.
Certain medications can also lead to obesity. Specifically, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, and some corticosteroids can affect metabolism and cause weight gain. Long-term use of these types of medications can increase the risk of obesity.
Finally, environmental factors play a significant role in the spread of obesity. Urbanization, the use of public transportation, difficulty accessing parks and sports facilities, and limited access to healthy foods can lead to the adoption of unhealthy habits. Additionally, food advertisements and the media's promotion of unhealthy foods contribute to the widespread increase in obesity.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN emphasizes that obesity is a complex disease and that it does not have a single cause. He states that the fight against obesity requires addressing genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors together. To prevent and treat obesity, it is crucial for individuals to adopt healthy eating habits, engage in regular physical activity, and seek professional help when necessary.
What are the Diseases Caused by Obesity?
Obesity is not merely an aesthetic issue but a significant medical condition that leads to many serious health problems. The accumulation of excess body fat negatively affects the functioning of the body, increasing the risk of developing numerous chronic diseases. Obesity-related diseases not only lower the quality of life but also shorten life expectancy. Here are the major diseases caused by obesity:
Cardiovascular Diseases
Obesity is one of the most significant risk factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Issues such as high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol levels, and artery blockages are common in obese individuals. These conditions significantly increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Excess weight causes the heart to work harder, which can also lead to problems like heart failure.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by leading to insulin resistance. The body cannot use insulin effectively, which causes blood sugar levels to rise. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that can result in serious complications and can lead to kidney disease, nerve damage, eye problems, and heart diseases.
3. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Obesity raises blood pressure and contributes to the development of hypertension. The increase in body weight adds pressure to the heart and vascular system, causing blood pressure to rise. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.
4. Respiratory Problems and Sleep Apnea
Obesity can also negatively affect the respiratory system. Sleep apnea is a common problem among obese individuals. Sleep apnea is a condition characterized by short pauses in breathing during sleep. This makes it difficult to get quality sleep and leads to a constant feeling of fatigue. Additionally, obesity can increase the risk of developing respiratory diseases such as asthma.
5. Fatty Liver (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease)
In obese individuals, fat accumulation in the liver, known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, can develop. This condition can lead to liver inflammation and, in the long term, result in serious complications such as liver cirrhosis. This liver disorder, unrelated to alcohol consumption, is closely associated with obesity.
6. Joint Problems and Osteoarthritis
Obesity can lead to joint problems due to the increased pressure body weight places on the joints. Especially the knees, hips, and lower back joints can be damaged due to excess weight. This can result in the development of degenerative joint disease known as osteoarthritis. Over time, the cartilage structure in the joints wears down due to obesity, making movement more difficult.
7. Cancer
Obesity is considered a risk factor in the development of certain types of cancer. In obese individuals, various cancers such as breast, uterine, colon, pancreatic, kidney, and prostate cancer are more common. Fat tissue can influence hormone levels and inflammation, which may trigger the growth of cancer cells.
8. Digestive System Problems
Obesity also has negative effects on the digestive system. Heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and gallstones are the main digestive system problems associated with obesity. Excess weight creates pressure on the stomach, causing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, leading to reflux.
9. Reproductive and Hormonal Problems
Obesity can lead to hormonal imbalances, causing menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and fertility issues in women. Additionally, it can result in decreased testosterone levels and sexual dysfunction in men.
10. Depression and Psychological Problems
Obesity not only leads to physical health problems but can also cause psychological issues. Depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are common in obese individuals. The failure of weight loss efforts can create emotional stress, making the treatment of obesity more difficult.
How to Recognize an Obese Baby?
1. Assessment Based on Growth Charts
A baby's weight, height, and head circumference should be measured regularly and compared with growth charts (percentile tables). The standard growth curves set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organizations indicate whether the baby is growing healthily. If a baby is significantly heavier than the average values for their age group and their growth curves are above the 97th percentile, there may be a risk of obesity.
2. Excess Weight and Fat Accumulation
Obese babies exhibit excess weight and fat accumulation. Noticeable fat deposits may appear particularly in the arms, legs, abdomen, and face. If the baby gains more weight than the normal range and excessive fat is observed in the body, this may be a sign of obesity.
3. Inactivity Related to Excess Weight
Obese babies may be less active compared to normal-weight babies. Overweight babies may have difficulty developing their motor skills. For instance, movements such as rolling over, crawling, sitting, and walking may occur later than usual. Excess weight can limit the baby’s mobility and negatively impact their development.
4. Eating Habits
Eating habits are also important in understanding obesity in babies. Babies at risk of obesity may be overfed. Consuming more milk or formula than they need can lead to excessive weight gain over time. Particularly, the excessive consumption of sugary or high-calorie formulas outside of breast milk can contribute to weight gain in babies.
5. Shortness of Breath and Respiratory Problems
Obese babies may experience respiratory problems more frequently compared to normal-weight babies. Excess weight can negatively affect lung function and make it harder for the baby to breathe. Symptoms such as shortness of breath or snoring may be associated with obesity in babies.
6. Sleep Problems
Obese babies may experience sleep problems more frequently. Overweight babies can have respiratory issues such as sleep apnea, which can affect sleep quality. If a baby struggles to breathe during sleep or wakes up frequently, this may be a sign of obesity.
7. Family History of Obesity
The genetic relationship of obesity should also be considered in babies. If there is a family history of obesity, the baby's risk of obesity may increase. In this case, the baby's weight and growth should be monitored more carefully and evaluated under the supervision of a doctor.
8. Doctor Check-up and Specialist Opinion
To accurately detect obesity in babies, a doctor’s examination is essential. Factors such as the baby's growth curves, body mass index (BMI) — although not suitable for infants — and weight ratio compared to age and height should be evaluated. A specialist can closely monitor the baby’s development and assess the risk of excessive weight gain.
What are the Symptoms of Obesity in Children?
Childhood obesity is a serious health problem that negatively affects growth and development. Recognizing the signs of obesity in children early is important for both physical and psychological health. The symptoms of obesity typically manifest through physical changes, health issues, and certain lifestyle indicators.
The most common way to detect obesity in children is by assessing the body mass index (BMI) according to age and gender-appropriate growth charts. BMI is calculated by dividing the child's weight by the square of their height. In children, BMI alone may not be a sufficient criterion as it is in adults, so BMI results are evaluated against growth charts. If a child's BMI is above the 85th percentile, they are considered overweight; if it is above the 95th percentile, they are classified as obese.
Excess fat accumulation in certain areas of the body is an important sign of obesity in children. Notable fat accumulation, especially in the abdominal area, may indicate obesity. There may also be noticeable fat accumulation in the arms, legs, and face. Children may experience difficulty in mobility due to excessive fat accumulation, which can limit their daily activities.
Obesity can lead to respiratory problems in children. Symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, or snoring during physical activity may be related to obesity. Obese children may struggle during exercise and can become breathless more quickly than normal. Breathing difficulties during sleep and sleep apnea are also common signs of obesity.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN emphasizes that early diagnosis of obesity in children is critical in preventing serious health problems that may arise from this condition. When signs of obesity in children are noticed, it is important to consult a specialist and promote healthy lifestyle habits. Healthy eating and regular physical activity play a key role in helping children maintain a healthy weight.
Who Can Undergo Weight Loss Surgery?
1. Body Mass Index (BMI)
One of the most important criteria for weight loss surgery is the person's body mass index (BMI). BMI is a value calculated by dividing a person's weight by the square of their height and is used to determine the degree of obesity.
People with a BMI of 40 and above (Morbid Obesity): People with a BMI of over 40 are in the severe obesity category and are generally suitable candidates for weight loss surgery.
People with a BMI of 35-40 and obesity-related health problems: People with a BMI of over 35 and type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, heart disease or other obesity-related health problems may also be considered suitable for weight loss surgery.
2. Failure with Other Weight Loss Methods
Weight loss surgery is usually considered an option for people who have not been successful with other weight loss methods (diet, exercise, medication). If a person has tried methods such as diet and exercise to lose weight but has not achieved lasting success, bariatric surgery may be a solution.
3. Existence of Obesity-Related Health Problems
People with serious health problems related to obesity may also be candidates for weight loss surgery. These health problems may include Type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure (hypertension), Sleep apnea, Heart disease, Joint problems (especially knee and back problems), Fatty liver. Having these types of health problems contributes to the person being a suitable candidate for bariatric surgery because these surgeries are usually performed to alleviate or treat these types of health problems.
4. General Health Status
Since weight loss surgery is a surgical procedure, the person's general health condition is also taken into account. It is important to have the physical and psychological health to perform the surgery. Surgery can be risky, especially for people with serious heart disease, kidney failure or other medical complications. Therefore, the person's general health condition is evaluated in detail.
5. Psychological Evaluation
The psychological state of the candidates is also evaluated before the weight loss surgery. Adapting to the diet and lifestyle changes after the surgery is critical for the weight loss process to be successful. Therefore, it is evaluated whether the person is mentally ready for the surgery and whether they can adapt to the lifestyle changes. Psychological conditions such as eating disorders, depression or anxiety in particular can cause problems after the weight loss surgery.
6. Age Range 18-65
Bariatric surgery is usually performed on people between the ages of 18 and 65. Surgery is rarely performed on people under the age of 18 and only in very special cases. For people over the age of 65, surgery should be evaluated very carefully because the risks may be greater.
7. Be Ready for Post-Operative Lifestyle Changes
Weight loss surgery can help a person lose weight, but surgery is only part of the weight loss process. After surgery, a person should follow a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and follow the doctor's advice carefully. Therefore, candidates must be ready and willing to make lifestyle changes. Education about nutrition and behavioral changes before and after surgery is important for a successful outcome.
8. Inadequacy of Alternative Methods to Treat Obesity
Surgery is a treatment method that is considered a last resort. If a person has not been able to lose weight with non-surgical methods and continues to have serious health problems related to obesity, weight loss surgery may be a solution.
Experts such as Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN state that weight loss surgery is a serious decision and is not suitable for every obese individual. In order to make a decision about surgery, the person must undergo a detailed medical evaluation and be informed about the advantages and risks of this process.
Types of Obesity Surgery
1. Sleeve Gastrectomy
Sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most commonly performed obesity surgeries. In this procedure, a large portion of the stomach volume is surgically removed, leaving only a narrow, tube-shaped stomach. Since the stomach volume is reduced with this method, patients can feel full by eating less. Sleeve gastrectomy not only helps with weight loss, but also positively affects blood sugar and hormone balance by reducing the amount of food entering the stomach. This surgery can provide effective results, especially in obese individuals with metabolic problems such as type 2 diabetes.
2. Gastric Bypass Surgery
Gastric bypass surgery is a procedure that involves both reducing the volume of the stomach and bypassing a portion of the intestines. This surgery both reduces the amount of food taken in and partially limits the absorption of nutrients. Gastric bypass is a preferred method especially for people with serious obesity and obesity-related health problems. It is also a very effective method for type 2 diabetics because this surgery can quickly control blood sugar levels.
3. Gastric Band (Stomach Band)
Gastric band surgery is a procedure performed by placing an adjustable silicone band on the upper part of the stomach. This band divides the stomach into two sections and creates a small pouch on the upper part. In this way, the person reaches the feeling of fullness by eating less. Gastric band is an adjustable and reversible method. However, it may be less effective than other methods and its long-term results may be limited. In addition, there is a risk of complications during the use of gastric band.
4. Duodenal Switch with Biliopancreatic Diversion
This method involves both reducing the stomach and bypassing most of the small intestine. The duodenal switch reduces both the stomach volume and greatly limits the absorption of nutrients. This method is usually used in morbidly obese individuals or those with a very high BMI. Although it is a very effective method, it can lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies because it greatly limits nutrient absorption. Therefore, patients may need to take supplements for life.
What is Super Obese?
Super Obese Surgery
The main purpose of super obesity surgery is to permanently reduce the body weight of patients, alleviate obesity-related health problems and improve their quality of life. Successful super obesity surgery can help not only with weight loss, but also with the treatment of serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and sleep apnea.
Treatment of Morbid Obesity
Morbid obesity is a condition in which the body mass index (BMI) is 40 or above, and there are serious health problems related to it. Individuals with a BMI between 35-40 and obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea can also be considered morbidly obese. Morbid obesity is a health problem that both seriously reduces the quality of life and can shorten life expectancy. Therefore, the treatment of morbid obesity is of great importance and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Treatment Methods in Morbid Obesity
The treatment of morbid obesity is applied to help the patient lose weight, improve obesity-related health problems, and contribute to the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Different methods can be used together in the treatment process and are adapted to the individual needs of the patient. Here are the main methods used in the treatment of morbid obesity:
1. Lifestyle Changes
The first step in treating morbid obesity is healthy lifestyle changes. These changes are made to achieve weight loss and improve overall health. These steps are usually tried before surgical intervention in morbidly obese patients:
- Diet: A healthy and balanced diet program forms the basis of weight loss. Consumption of low-calorie, high-fiber foods, and foods low in fat and sugar can help with weight loss. Diet programs are usually personalized by dietitians according to the needs of the patient.
- Physical Activity: Exercise plays an important role in weight loss and weight control. However, individuals with morbid obesity may have difficulty exercising due to excess weight. Therefore, it is recommended to start with low-impact exercises and increase the intensity over time. Low-intensity activities such as walking, swimming and cycling can be a good start.
- Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapy is recommended to change eating habits and emotional eating behaviors. This therapy, conducted by psychologists or nutritionists, increases motivation in the fight against obesity and helps to gain healthy habits.
2. Drug Therapy
In some cases, drug therapy can be applied to support weight loss in morbidly obese patients. However, drug therapy can be effective together with lifestyle changes and usually provides a short-term solution. Drugs can be used to control appetite, reduce fat absorption or speed up metabolism. However, these drugs can have side effects and should be used under the supervision of a doctor.
Some drugs used in morbid obesity are:
- Orlistat: It is a drug that reduces fat absorption. It contributes to weight loss by preventing some of the fat taken with food from being absorbed by the body.
- Liraglutide: It is a drug that regulates blood sugar levels and controls appetite. It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and can help with weight loss.
Drug therapy may be more effective when applied in conjunction with other methods. However, these drugs generally do not provide a permanent solution on their own.
3. Bariatric Surgery
One of the most effective methods in the treatment of morbid obesity is bariatric surgery. Surgical intervention helps morbidly obese individuals lose weight permanently and improve obesity-related health problems. Bariatric surgery is a treatment method applied to patients who cannot achieve successful results with traditional methods such as diet and exercise.
Types of bariatric surgery are:
- Sleeve Gastrectomy: In this surgery, a large part of the stomach is removed, leaving a small stomach in the shape of a tube. In this way, the person reaches a feeling of fullness with less food and begins to lose weight.
- Gastric Bypass: The stomach volume is reduced and a part of the small intestine is bypassed, reducing calorie absorption. It both limits food intake and accelerates weight loss by disabling a part of the digestive system.
- Duodenal Switch: This is a more complex surgical method that involves both stomach reduction and bypassing a part of the intestines. It is usually preferred in individuals with very high BMI.
- Adjustable Gastric Band: A band is placed in the stomach and this band forms a small pouch on the upper part of the stomach.It limits food intake by restricting the stomach. However, gastric banding may not be as effective as other surgical methods in terms of long-term results.
Bariatric surgery not only provides weight loss in morbidly obese patients, but can also correct health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea.
4. Endoscopic Methods
Some non-surgical endoscopic methods can also be used in the treatment of morbid obesity. These methods are generally less invasive and do not require surgery. These include applications such as gastric balloons. A gastric balloon is a balloon that is placed in the stomach and reduces the volume of the stomach. This balloon can help the patient lose weight by consuming less food. However, this method offers a shorter-term solution compared to surgical interventions.
What Are the Risks of Bariatric Surgery?
1. Infection
There is a risk of infection in the wound or in the body after surgery. Infection can usually occur due to failure to keep the surgical area sterile, negligence in wound care, or a weak immune system. Redness, swelling, increased temperature, and pain in the abdominal area or around the operated area can be signs of infection. If left untreated, the infection can reach serious levels and threaten the patient's health.
2. Bleeding
Bleeding complications may develop during or after surgery. During surgery, internal organs or blood vessels may be damaged and this may cause bleeding. Depending on the amount of bleeding, additional surgery or a blood transfusion may be necessary. Symptoms such as blood in the stool or weakness due to blood loss should be carefully monitored after surgery.
3. Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Serious complications such as deep vein thrombosis (blood clot formation in the deep veins of the legs) and pulmonary embolism (clot traveling to the lungs) can occur after bariatric surgery, although rare. Thrombosis can occur due to immobility and slow blood flow during surgery. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition and requires rapid medical intervention. To prevent such complications, patients are usually given blood thinners after surgery and early mobilization is encouraged.
4. Leaks (Anastomosis Leaks)
Leaks can occur at the connections between the stomach and intestines during bariatric surgery or at the edges of the stomach during sleeve gastrectomy. Leaks are leaks of stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity and can lead to peritonitis, a serious infection. This condition usually occurs within the first few days after surgery and manifests itself with symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Emergency intervention may be required when leaks develop.
5. Dumping Syndrome
Dumping syndrome is a complication that is especially seen in patients who have had gastric bypass surgery. This condition occurs when food passes quickly into the small intestine and manifests itself with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, diarrhea and sudden drops in blood sugar. Dumping syndrome is usually triggered by consuming excessively sugary or fatty foods. The symptoms of this syndrome can be alleviated by paying attention to the diet.
6. Intestinal Obstruction
After bariatric surgery, small bowel obstruction may develop. This occurs when the intestines become narrowed or blocked due to incisions or ligations made during surgery. Intestinal obstruction is a serious complication that may require emergency surgery. Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and difficulty passing stool.
7. Nutritional Deficiencies
Some bariatric surgery methods can lead to nutritional deficiencies because they limit the absorption of nutrients. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can occur, especially after surgeries such as gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, and duodenal switch. The most common deficiencies include vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. These deficiencies can lead to anemia, osteoporosis, and nervous system problems. It is important for patients to take vitamin and mineral supplements regularly and to be under the supervision of a doctor after surgery.
8. Stomach Ulcer
Some patients who have had bariatric surgery may develop ulcers in the stomach or intestines. The tendency to ulcers increases especially after gastric bypass surgery. Ulcers can occur when stomach acid damages the intestines and manifests itself with symptoms such as pain, heartburn, and vomiting. Ulcers are usually treated with medications, but in severe cases, surgery may be necessary.
9. Gallbladder Stones
Patients who lose weight rapidly after bariatric surgery are at increased risk of developing gallstones. Rapid weight loss can increase cholesterol levels in the gallbladder, which can lead to gallstone formation. Gallstones can block the bile ducts, causing pain and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis). Some patients may be given medication during the weight loss process to prevent gallstone development.
10. Psychological Problems
Some patients may experience psychological difficulties after bariatric surgery. Weight loss can be rapid with surgery, and this can cause emotional stress, depression, or changes in body image in some patients. Therefore, it may be important for patients who undergo bariatric surgery to receive psychological support before and after surgery. In addition, changing eating habits and the process of adapting to a new diet can also create psychological difficulties.
11. Weight Gain Back
Some patients may regain weight in the long term even if they lose weight after surgery. Bariatric surgery alone does not provide permanent weight loss; it is important for patients to make healthy lifestyle changes and maintain these changes. Patients who do not pay attention to their eating habits, neglect physical activity, or have emotional eating disorders may be at risk of regaining weight.
What is the Non-Surgery Gastric Balloon Application?
Non-surgical gastric balloon application is a treatment method that does not require a surgical procedure and is temporarily placed in the stomach to help lose weight. This application is generally used as a weight loss tool for individuals who cannot achieve successful results with diet and exercise, but are not suitable for obesity surgery or do not prefer surgical intervention. The gastric balloon helps the person eat less and feel full more quickly by reducing the volume of the stomach.
What is a Gastric Balloon?
A gastric balloon is a balloon made of soft silicone material. This balloon is placed in the stomach by endoscopic method or in the form of a swallowable capsule and is inflated with liquid or air in the stomach. Since it takes up space in the stomach after being inflated, patients feel full by consuming less food. The gastric balloon usually remains in the stomach for 6 to 12 months, after which time the balloon is removed.
How is a Non-Surgical Gastric Balloon Applied?
Gastric balloon application is usually performed in two different ways: endoscopically or as a swallowable balloon. Both do not require surgery and are relatively simple and safe procedures.
1. Endoscopic Gastric Balloon
Endoscopic gastric balloon is a procedure performed under sedation and usually takes about 20-30 minutes. The procedure is performed in the following steps:
- The patient is sedated and a light sleep is achieved.
- A thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is inserted into the stomach through the mouth.
- The gastric balloon is inserted into the stomach with the help of an endoscope.
- The balloon is inflated with liquid after reaching the stomach and begins to take up space in the stomach.
- After the procedure is completed, the endoscope is removed and the patient can return home after a short observation period.
2. Swallowable Gastric Balloon
The swallowable gastric balloon is an alternative that does not require an endoscopic procedure. The capsule-shaped balloon is a size that the patient can swallow with water. This method is applied as follows:
- The patient swallows the capsule containing the gastric balloon with water.
- The balloon is released when the capsule reaches the stomach.
- The balloon is then inflated with liquid or air through a catheter.
- After the balloon is inflated, the catheter is removed and the balloon is placed in the stomach. This method is a more practical and less invasive option for patients since it does not require endoscopy and sedation.
Benefits of Gastric Balloon
Gastric balloon application offers many advantages as it offers a non-surgical and short-term weight loss solution:
- Does Not Require Surgery: Since gastric balloon application is not a surgical procedure, it is far from the risks of surgery. This is especially advantageous for individuals who avoid surgery or are not suitable for surgery.
- Fast and Easy Application: Endoscopic gastric balloon application is completed in a short time and patients can usually return home the same day.
- A Temporary Solution: The gastric balloon is not permanent. The balloon can be removed after a certain period of time, which offers patients a more flexible option than a surgical solution.
- Feeling Full with Less Food: The gastric balloon reduces the volume of the stomach, helping the person feel full with less food. This allows for less calorie intake and promotes weight loss.
- Helps with Diet and Lifestyle Changes: A gastric balloon provides a good start to making healthy eating and lifestyle changes during the weight loss process. It is important to continue these habits after the balloon is removed to achieve permanent weight loss.
Risks and Side Effects of a Gastric Balloon
As with any medical procedure, gastric balloon application can carry some risks and side effects. However, these side effects are usually mild and temporary. Here are the common side effects of a gastric balloon:
- Nausea and Vomiting: Patients may experience nausea and vomiting for the first few days after the gastric balloon is placed. This is part of the adjustment process to the gastric balloon and usually resolves within a few days. During this process, medications recommended by the doctor can be used.
- Abdominal Pain and Discomfort: The presence of a balloon in the stomach can cause abdominal pain and discomfort, especially in the first few days. These symptoms are usually short-lived.
- Deflated Gastric Balloon: Although rare, the gastric balloon can deflate and pass into the intestines. This situation should be monitored carefully as it can cause intestinal obstruction.should be checked and the balloon should be removed immediately if there is any suspicion of deflation.
- Reflux: Some patients may develop reflux due to the gastric balloon causing stomach acid to leak back into the esophagus. This condition can usually be treated.
Effect of Gastric Balloon on Weight Loss
Gastric balloon application allows patients to consume fewer calories by reducing their stomach volume. This application usually provides effective weight loss when done together with diet and exercise. In the 6-month period after the gastric balloon is placed in the stomach, patients may lose approximately 10-15% of their initial weight. However, weight loss may vary depending on the patient's eating habits and lifestyle.
The permanence of weight loss after the gastric balloon is removed depends on the patient's ability to maintain healthy eating and regular exercise habits. Returning to old habits after the balloon is removed may cause weight regain.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if I am obese?
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What is a gastric balloon and who is it suitable for?
How long does it take to lose weight after bariatric surgery?
Will weight be regained after obesity treatment?
Are obesity medications effective?
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